Unit 1 An Invitation to Lexicology………………………………………………………………………………………1 Text A What Is Lexicology?… …………………………………………………… 3 Text B The Secrets of a Word………………………………………………………11 Text C The Synonyms of Word… …………………………………………………13 Text D Morphology…………………………………………………………………15 Unit 2 Historical Development of English Vocabulary……………………………………………………… 18 Text A English Vocabulary: A Historical Perspective………………………………19 Text B The Growth of Present-Day English Vocabulary……………………………30 Text C A Brief History of English… ………………………………………………32 Unit 3 Foreign Elements of English Vocabulary… …………………………………………………………… 37 Text A The Sources of English Vocabulary…………………………………………38 Text B Latin and Greek Borrowings… ……………………………………………46 Text C French Borrowings…………………………………………………………48 Text D Borrowings from Other Languages…………………………………………50 Unit 4 Classification of English Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………… 53 Text A Content Words and Function Words… ……………………………………54 Text B Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary… ………………………55 Text C Colloquialism in Literature…………………………………………………65 Text D The Importance of Function Words…………………………………………67 Unit 5 Morphological Structure of English Vocabulary… ………………………………………………… 70 Text A Morphemes… ………………………………………………………………71 Text B Latin and Greek Roots and Affixes in English Vocabulary…………………82 Text C Roots and Stems… …………………………………………………………87 Unit 6 Major Word Formations in English………………………………………………………………………… 90 Text A English Compound… ………………………………………………………91 Text B Derived Words … ……………………………………………………… 101 Text C Conversion ……………………………………………………………… 103 Text D Deriving Nouns from Verbs: Names for People………………………… 108 Unit 7 Minor Word Formations in English… ………………………………………………………………… 113 Text A Minor Process of Word Formation… …………………………………… 115 Text B Acronymy………………………………………………………………… 124 Text C Reduplication… ………………………………………………………… 125 Text D Eponyms………………………………………………………………… 126 Unit 8 Word Meaning and Motivation… ……………………………………………………………………… 129 Text A Word Meaning in the English Language………………………………… 131 Text B Motivation of Words… ………………………………………………… 133 Text C Aspects of Meaning……………………………………………………… 140 Text D Onomatopoeia…………………………………………………………… 141 Unit 9 Sense Relations Between Words………………………………………………………………………… 145 Text A Synonymy… …………………………………………………………… 146 Text B Antonymy………………………………………………………………… 148 Text C Hyponymy… …………………………………………………………… 154 Text D Oxymoron……………………………………………………………… 156 Unit 10 Polysemy and Homonymy………………………………………………………………………………… 161 Text A Polysemy and Homonymy… …………………………………………… 163 Text B Lexical Relations: Hyponymy and Homonymy………………………… 171 Text C Fun with Homonyms… ………………………………………………… 173 Unit 11 Semantic Changes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 177 Text A Semantic Changes and the Causes… …………………………………… 178 Text B Semantic Shift…………………………………………………………… 188 Text C The History of Semantic Change………………………………………… 189 Text D Metaphor and Metonymy… …………………………………………… 190 Unit 12 Figurative Use of Words…………………………………………………………………………………… 195 Text A What Is Figurative Speech?……………………………………………… 196 Text B Literal and Figurative Language………………………………………… 198 Text C Synecdoche and Metonymy……………………………………………… 204 Text D Taboos and Euphemisms………………………………………………… 206 Unit 13 Meaning and Context… …………………………………………………………………………………… 210 Text A Context as the Key to Unlocking Word Meaning… …………………… 212 Text B Ambiguity… …………………………………………………………… 222 Text C Context and Context of Situation … …………………………………… 225 Text D Decoding Meaning Through Context…………………………………… 227 Unit 14 English Idioms… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 232 Text A English Idioms—Cream of the Language… …………………………… 234 Text B Major Sources of English Idioms… …………………………………… 236 Text C Animals and English Idioms… ………………………………………… 242 Text D Food and English Idioms………………………………………………… 246 Unit 15 English Vocabulary and Greek Mythology………………………………………………………… 250 Text A English Words of Greek Mythological Origins… ……………………… 251 Text B The English Word Roots and Mythology… …………………………… 259 Text C Words in Astronomy of Greek Mythological Origins…………………… 263 Text D The Adventures of Odysseus… ………………………………………… 264