海上風能以其資源豐富、發(fā)電利用小時數相對較高、靠近負荷中心、不占用土地和適宜大規(guī)模開發(fā)等特點，成為近年來世界各國爭相開發(fā)的新型能源。在此背景下編寫了本書，對海上風電接入電網技術進行研究。
本書共分為8章，分別為概述、雙饋風電機組建模與特性分析、永磁半直驅風電機組建模與特性分析、風電場的等值模型及特性分析、柔性直流輸電在海上風電并網中的應用、柔性直流并網系統(tǒng)建模及特性分析、含高比例海上風電局部電網暫態(tài)建模仿真、海上風電并網對電網穩(wěn)定性的影響。
海上風能具有資源豐富、發(fā)電利用小時數相對較高、靠近負荷中心、不占用土地和適宜大規(guī)模開發(fā)等特點，是新能源發(fā)展的前沿領域，也是目前發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ目稍偕茉础０l(fā)展海上風電成為優(yōu)化能源結構、實現(xiàn)能源轉型升級、促進裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展的重要舉措。
本書主要針對高比例海上風電集中接入局部電網，進行含高比例海上風電集群建模仿真技術和故障穿越特性等方面的研究，建立適用于大規(guī)模海上風電集中接入局部電網的電磁暫態(tài)詳細仿真模型，揭示不同故障情況下大規(guī)模海上風電基地內部電力電子元件以及這些元件與電網間故障特性的交互作用對電網安全的影響機理。為后續(xù)開展含高比例海上風電集中接入局部電網的暫態(tài)建模仿真、并網要求、接入模式、運行控制、電能質量控制等方面的技術研究提供仿真基礎支撐，促進海上風電并網技術的發(fā)展，提升電網安全可靠消納海上風電的能力
隨著陸上風資源開發(fā)的逐漸飽和，海上風電成為未來風能應用和發(fā)展的重點，越來越受到各國的重視。海上風能具有資源豐富、發(fā)電利用小時數相對較高、靠近負荷中心、不占用土地和適宜大規(guī)模開發(fā)等特點，是新能源發(fā)展的前沿領域，也是目前發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ目稍偕茉�。發(fā)展海上風電成為優(yōu)化能源結構、實現(xiàn)能源轉型升級、促進裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展的重要舉措。
風電出力隨機、隨風速風向變化易引起電網有功、無功的變動，會造成并網點及近區(qū)電網電壓波動；來源于風電機組中的電力電子元件產生大量諧波，對電網造成諧波污染；因此大規(guī)模海上風電接入將對電網電能質量造成較大影響。海上風電場特別是多風電場集中并網背景下，無功電壓補償配置及控制策略對電力系統(tǒng)的運行也會造成較大影響。在大規(guī)模海上風電集中接入局部電網的背景下，海上風電機組和風電場大規(guī)模脫網將對近區(qū)電網安全穩(wěn)定運行造成較大威脅，風電機組及風電場的故障穿越特性對電網安全穩(wěn)定運行影響也較大，因此合理評估系統(tǒng)故障對含高比例海上風電電網的安全穩(wěn)定運行的影響迫在眉睫。
本書主要針對高比例海上風電集中接入局部電網，進行含高比例海上風電集群建模仿真技術和故障穿越特性等方面的研究，建立適用于大規(guī)模海上風電集中接入局部電網的電磁暫態(tài)詳細仿真模型，揭示不同故障情況下大規(guī)模海上風電基地內部電力電子元件以及這些元件與電網間故障特性的交互作用對電網安全的影響機理。為后續(xù)開展含高比例海上風電集中接入局部電網的暫態(tài)建模仿真、并網要求、接入模式、運行控制、電能質量控制等方面的技術研究提供仿真基礎支撐，促進海上風電并網技術的發(fā)展，提升電網安全可靠消納海上風電的能力。
本書共包括8 章。第1 章詳細介紹了海上風電發(fā)展概況，包括全球及我國的海上風電發(fā)展概述、海上風電技術發(fā)展特點和海上風電場并網問題等。介紹了風電故障穿越及控制策略，包括國內外故障穿越研究現(xiàn)狀、故障穿越要求（低電壓穿越、高電壓穿越和頻率適應性）和已有的高低壓故障穿越策略等。
第2 章和第3 章分別介紹了雙饋風電機組和永磁半直驅風電機組單機模型各模塊的功能與PSCAD 建模過程；并進行了穩(wěn)態(tài)、高電壓穿越及低電壓穿越三種工況下的特性分析與整機模型驗證，為后續(xù)深入分析奠定了基礎。
第4 章重點研究了風電場等值分群方法和風電場等值參數計算方法，建立了風電場多機組等值模型，并以16 臺機組詳細模型與等值模型的穩(wěn)態(tài)、動態(tài)仿真效果對比驗證了等值方法的有效性。
第5 章分析了柔性直流輸電工作原理及特點，并結合國內外海上風電柔直并網工程開展情況研究了柔性直流輸電在海上風電并網中的優(yōu)勢及局限性。
第6 章在研究了柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)結構及控制邏輯的基礎上，建立了海上風電柔直并網輸電系統(tǒng)模型，研究了并網柔直系統(tǒng)故障穿越過程及其控制策略，仿真研究了并網柔直系統(tǒng)與風電場協(xié)調控制策略，并對比分析了海上風電高壓交流/高壓直流并網輸電特性及其對電網的影響。
第7 章構建了海上風電場故障穿越等特性研究的實地系統(tǒng)仿真模型。結合風電場實用化等值模型，開展了局部電網高比例海上風電高、低電壓穿越特性，頻率適應特性，柔直并網協(xié)調控制特性，諧波污染特性及工頻過電壓特性仿真研究。
第8 章結合上文建模仿真研究，從系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定、電能質量、工頻過電壓、對電網規(guī)劃的影響等方面分析梳理了海上風電對電網的影響。
后，衷心感謝張子杰碩士、張哲萌、任萬鑫參與本書的修訂工作；同時也感謝左正敏、許亮、黃欣、宮大千、段瑤等廣東電網公司工作人員對本書出版的支持。
由于本書編寫時間倉促，書中難免存在疏漏及不足之處，懇請廣大讀者批評指正。
著 者
2021 年1 月
余浩，工學碩士，高級工程師，廣東電網有限責任公司電網規(guī)劃研究中心三級助理技術專家，主要從事電網規(guī)劃、系統(tǒng)仿真及新能源并網研究。黎燦兵，工學博士，上海交通大學電氣系教授，主要從事新能源并網消納與儲能研究。林勇，工學碩士，高級工程師，廣東電網有限責任公司二級技術專家，主要從事電網規(guī)劃、系統(tǒng)分析及新能源并網消納研究。
目 錄
前言
第1 章 概述 ·················································································· 1
1.1 全球海上風電發(fā)展概述 ··························································1
1.2 中國海上風電發(fā)展概述 ··························································3
1.3 海上風電技術發(fā)展特點 ··························································4
1.4 海上風電場并網導則 ·····························································6
第2 章 雙饋風電機組建模與特性分析 ··············································· 20
2.1 風力渦輪機模塊 ································································· 20
2.2 發(fā)電機側變流器控制模塊 ····················································· 22
2.3 網側變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 25
2.4 風速模塊 ·········································································· 28
2.5 傳動系統(tǒng)模塊 ···································································· 28
2.6 Crowbar 保護電路 ······························································· 29
2.7 超級電容模塊 ···································································· 29
2.8 高低電壓穿越模塊 ······························································ 31
2.9 高低電壓穿越控制策略 ························································ 33
2.10 整機模型及驗證 ································································ 35
第3 章 永磁半直驅風電機組建模與特性分析 ······································ 43
3.1 永磁同步發(fā)電機模塊 ··························································· 43
3.2 機側變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 44
3.3 網側變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 45
3.4 PWM 調制模塊 ·································································· 48
3.5 負序控制模塊 ····································································· 49
3.6 虛擬阻尼模塊 ····································································· 51
3.7 高低電壓穿越模塊 ······························································· 52
3.8 Chopper 保護模塊 ································································ 55
3.9 高低電壓穿越控制策略 ························································· 56
3.10 整機模型及驗證 ································································ 58
第4 章 風電場的等值模型及特性分析 ··············································· 83
4.1 風電場等值目標及思路 ························································· 83
4.2 基于風速因子的風電場分群方法 ············································· 87
4.3 風電場等值參數計算方法 ······················································ 90
4.4 等值模型仿真驗證 ······························································· 95
第5 章 柔性直流輸電在海上風電并網中的應用 ································· 102
5.1 柔性直流輸電概述 ····························································· 102
5.2 海上風電柔性直流并網特點 ················································· 105
5.3 柔性直流輸電基本工作原理 ················································· 106
5.4 柔性直流輸電并網對風電場的要求 ········································ 119
第6 章 柔性直流并網系統(tǒng)建模及特性分析 ······································· 123
6.1 柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)及其控制 ················································· 123
6.2 關鍵控制模塊及建模 ·························································· 124
6.3 并網柔直故障穿越及其控制策略 ··········································· 132
6.4 并網柔直系統(tǒng)與海上風電場協(xié)調控制 ····································· 140
6.5 交直流并網模式仿真對比及特性分析 ····································· 143
第7 章 含高比例海上風電局部電網暫態(tài)建模仿真 ······························ 148
7.1 局部電網構建 ··································································· 148
7.2 海上風電場穩(wěn)態(tài)特性仿真 ···················································· 159
7.3 海上風電高、低電壓穿越特性仿真 ········································ 170
7.4 海上風電頻率特性仿真 ······················································· 182
7.5 柔直并網海上風電協(xié)調控制特性仿真 ···································· 185
7.6 諧波仿真及治理 ······························································· 191
7.7 工頻過電壓仿真分析 ························································· 202
第8 章 海上風電并網對電網穩(wěn)定性的影響 ······································· 223
8.1 大規(guī)模海上風電脫網風險及對系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定的影響 ·················· 223
8.2 海上風電場對電能質量的影響 ············································· 234
8.3 海上風電場工頻過電壓問題及對系統(tǒng)的影響 ··························· 242
8.4 海上風電并網對電網規(guī)劃發(fā)展的影響 ···································· 253
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