第1 章 地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)與變形·····································································.1
1.1 地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)··············································································.1
1.2 地殼變形··············································································.3
1.3 地殼變形影響因素··································································.5
參考文獻(xiàn)····················································································.8
第2 章 地殼變形的觀(guān)測(cè)·····································································10
2.1 有限尺度巖體變形··································································10
2.2 自然條件下的地殼變形····························································15
2.3 地形變儀器觀(guān)測(cè)原理·······························································16
2.3.1 地傾斜觀(guān)測(cè)·································································16
2.3.2 地應(yīng)變觀(guān)測(cè)·································································24
2.3.3 重力觀(guān)測(cè)····································································27
2.3.4 斷層形變觀(guān)測(cè)······························································30
2.4 地應(yīng)變觀(guān)測(cè)的主要影響因素······················································31
2.4.1 場(chǎng)地效應(yīng)及場(chǎng)地—儀器耦合作用······································31
2.4.2 儀器類(lèi)型的影響···························································45
2.4.3 不同周期信號(hào)響應(yīng)的差異···············································53
2.4.4 載荷影響與熱影響························································62
參考文獻(xiàn)····················································································66
第3 章 地震孕育不同階段的地殼變形特征·············································68
3.1 震前變形··············································································68
3.1.1 地震外圍區(qū)變形特征·····················································68
3.1.2 震中區(qū)震前變形特征·····················································70
3.2 震間變形··············································································72
3.3 同震變形··············································································74
3.3.1 GNSS 同震位移場(chǎng)·························································74
3.3.2 同震應(yīng)變場(chǎng)·································································76
3.3.3 同震傾斜場(chǎng)·································································78
3.3.4 同震形變波特征···························································78
3.4 震后變形··············································································80
3.5 本章小結(jié)··············································································82
參考文獻(xiàn)····················································································83
第4 章 地形變前兆問(wèn)題特殊性····························································85
4.1 地形變前兆···········································································85
4.2 地震孕育過(guò)程模式與形變前兆···················································87
4.2.1 有限邊界條件下的地震孕育及應(yīng)力應(yīng)變過(guò)程·······················87
4.2.2 （半）無(wú)限空間下的地震孕育動(dòng)力學(xué)過(guò)程···························88
4.3 強(qiáng)震前的形變異常特征····························································93
4.3.1 震前近震中區(qū)變形························································93
4.3.2 強(qiáng)震前遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)區(qū)域的地形變特征······································.103
4.4 最小形變前兆距離·······························································.105
4.5 震前地殼變形不動(dòng)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題······················································.106
4.6 形變前兆問(wèn)題的特殊性·························································.108
參考文獻(xiàn)·················································································.109
第5 章 地應(yīng)力波···········································································.113
5.1 地殼內(nèi)不同圈層的相互作用···················································.113
5.2 板塊邊緣驅(qū)動(dòng)力的遠(yuǎn)程傳播模型·············································.116
5.3 地殼薄板彎曲變形及應(yīng)力傳遞模型··········································.117
5.4 地殼深部物質(zhì)流動(dòng)對(duì)地震和形變的影響····································.119
5.4.1 水波——小振幅波·····················································.120
5.4.2 水波——長(zhǎng)波···························································.124
5.4.3 地殼深部物質(zhì)流動(dòng)對(duì)地震與形變遷移的影響····················.126
5.5 地應(yīng)力波觀(guān)測(cè)·····································································.127
參考文獻(xiàn)·················································································.131
第6 章 地應(yīng)力波前兆與地震關(guān)系的建立·············································.133
6.1 地應(yīng)力波前兆特征·······························································.133
6.1.1 地應(yīng)力波頻段···························································.133
6.1.2 地應(yīng)力波前兆類(lèi)型·····················································.134
6.1.3 地應(yīng)力波傳播速度·····················································.135
6.2 地應(yīng)力波前兆識(shí)別·······························································.135
6.2.1 強(qiáng)震引起的震后變形··················································.135
6.2.2 形變年變化······························································.136
6.2.3 地應(yīng)力波前兆異常的識(shí)別············································.137
6.2.4 地應(yīng)力波前兆特征——多普勒效應(yīng)································.137
6.3 地應(yīng)力波前兆與地震的關(guān)系···················································.138
6.3.1 前兆面臨的“最后一分鐘”問(wèn)題···································.138
6.3.2 前兆異常與地震的相關(guān)性判別······································.139
6.3.3 持續(xù)時(shí)間為15～180 天的加速變化異常與相關(guān)地震···········.140
6.3.4 持續(xù)時(shí)間為1～4 天的加速變化異常與相關(guān)地震···············.144
6.3.5 持續(xù)時(shí)間為1～3 年的形變趨勢(shì)與大震成組活動(dòng)···············.149
6.4 地應(yīng)力波前兆與地震相關(guān)性的判別方法····································.154
6.4.1 前兆分布的廣泛性·····················································.154
6.4.2 前兆與地震相關(guān)性的判別方法······································.154
6.4.3 2008 年汶川Ms 8.0 地震發(fā)生前的形變異常與地震的
相關(guān)性討論······························································.155
6.4.4 遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)形變前兆的動(dòng)力學(xué)意義·········································.156
參考文獻(xiàn)··················································································.158
第7 章 應(yīng)變能與地震能的平衡與地震預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)題····································.160
7.1 應(yīng)變能與地震能平衡問(wèn)題······················································.160
7.1.1 應(yīng)變能與地震能························································.160
7.1.2 塊體運(yùn)動(dòng)速率與地震能釋放·········································.164
7.1.3 斷層滑動(dòng)速率與地震活動(dòng)的關(guān)系···································.166
7.2 應(yīng)變能與地震能的轉(zhuǎn)化·························································.167
7.3 2008 年汶川Ms 8.0 地震前后的應(yīng)變積累與釋放平衡···················.170
7.3.1 2008 年汶川Ms 8.0 地震前后的地震活動(dòng)與GNSS 觀(guān)測(cè)······.170
7.3.2 Benioff 應(yīng)變·····························································.171
7.3.3 GNSS 站間基線(xiàn)·························································.172
7.3.4 瀘州—廣州基線(xiàn)縮短與Benioff 蠕變虧損的相關(guān)性分析······.174
7.4 形變與地震的協(xié)同性····························································.175
7.5 地震定量預(yù)測(cè)技術(shù)思路·························································.176
參考文獻(xiàn)·················································································.178
第8 章 基于時(shí)間依賴(lài)的地震定量預(yù)測(cè)方法··········································.181
8.1 中長(zhǎng)期地震預(yù)測(cè)方法····························································.181
8.1.1 成組大震優(yōu)勢(shì)發(fā)生時(shí)間···············································.181
8.1.2 成組大震發(fā)生地點(diǎn)（斷層） ·········································.184
8.2 地震短期預(yù)測(cè)方法·······························································.184
8.2.1 地震發(fā)生等待時(shí)間預(yù)測(cè)···············································.184
8.2.2 地震地點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)方法·····················································.185
8.2.3 地震強(qiáng)度預(yù)測(cè)方法·····················································.204
8.2.4 地震發(fā)生等待時(shí)間與震中距離的關(guān)系·····························.207
8.3 地震短臨預(yù)測(cè)方法·······························································.208
8.4 應(yīng)用與檢驗(yàn)········································································.208
參考文獻(xiàn)·················································································.210